- Identity
- HPTLC fingerprint and macroscopic or microscopic examination against Lepidium meyenii reference material.
- Marker assay
- Macamides and macaenes by HPLC for standardized extracts; some specs also list glucosinolates. Ratio extracts are often sold without a marker, so state what is required.
- Heavy metals
- Lead, arsenic, cadmium and mercury by ICP-MS, checked against the buyer's limits.
- Microbiology
- Total plate count, yeast and mold, coliforms, E. coli and Salmonella. Sun-dried raw root can carry a high load, so the COA should say whether the lot was steam treated or gelatinized.
- Pesticides and mycotoxins
- Multi-residue pesticide screen (required for organic) and aflatoxins, common for sun-dried root crops.
- Moisture and physical tests
- Loss on drying, mesh size and bulk density; gelatinized powder is also specified by its processing so raw and gelatinized lots are not mixed up.